Sources of radiation pollution and forming background radiation
22:59 22.08.11
І. Natural radiation background
1. Cosmic radiation
- Hyzone – 3 (3Н)
- Carbon – 14 (14С)
- Beryllium – 7 (7Ве)
- Natrium – 22 (22Na)
2. Emissions of natural radionuclides in the crust of earth, soil, air and water
- Kalium – 40 (40К)
- Uranium – 238 (238U)
- Thorium – 232 (232Th)
- Thorium – 228 (228Th)
- Actinium – 228 (228Ас)
- Plumbum – 214 (214Pb)
- Bismuth – 214 (214Bi)
3. Technologic radiation:
- Emissions of heat power plans from coal, gas, oil-fuel firing
- Uranium – 238 (238U)
- Thorium – 232 (232Th)
- Kalium – 40 (40К)
- Radium – 226 (226Ra)
- Radon – 222 (222Rn)
- Polonium – 210 (210Ро)
- Plumbum – 210 (210Рb)
- Thorium – 228 (228Th)
- Emissions from population’s coal and gas firing for cooking and heating
- Uranium – 238 (238U)
- Thorium – 232 (232Th)
- Kalium – 40 (40К)
- Radium – 226 (226Ra)
- Radon – 222 (222Rn)
- Polonium – 210 (210Ро)
- Plumbum – 210 (210Рb)
- Thorium – 228 (228Th)
- Construction and finish materials
- Radium – 226 (226Ra)
- Thorium – 228 (228Th)
- Kalium – 40 (40К)
- Fertilizers
- Radium – 226 (226Ra)
- Thorium – 228 (228Th)
- Emissions from burning traffic oil products
- Uranium – 238 (238U)
- Kalium – 40 (40К)
- Thorium – 232 (232Th)
- Plumbum – 210 (210Рb)
- Radon – 222 (222Rn)
- Radium – 226 (226Ra)
- Polonium – 210 (210Ро)
- Iron and steel plants emissions
- Uranium – 238 (238U)
- Thorium – 232 (232Th)
- Kalium – 40 (40К)
- Radium – 226 (226Ra)
- Radon – 222 (222Rn)
- Polonium – 210 (210Ро)
- Plumbum – 210 (210Рb)
- Thorium – 228 (228Th)
- Cock-chemical plants emissions
- Uranium – 238 (238U)
- Thorium – 232 (232Th)
- Kalium – 40 (40К)
- Radium – 226 (226Ra)
- Radon – 222 (222Rn)
- Polonium – 210 (210Ро)
- Plumbum – 210 (210Рb)
- Thorium – 228 (228Th)
- Chemical plants emissions
- Uranium – 238 (238U)
- Thorium – 232 (232Th)
- Kalium – 40 (40К)
- Radium – 226 (226Ra)
- Radon – 222 (222Rn)
- Polonium – 210 (210Ро)
- Plumbum – 210 (210Рb)
- Thorium – 228 (228Th)
- Emissions of atomic power stations (aerosols)
- Hyzone – 3 (3Н)
- Iodine – 131 (131I)
- Strontium – 90 (90Sr)
- Cesium – 137 (137Cs)
- Carbon – 14 (14С)
- Cobalt – 60 (60Со)
ІІ. Technogenic radioactive impurity
- Uranium production and reprocessing
- Refuse heaps: Radium – 226 (226Ra), Polonium – 210 (210Ро), Thorium – 230 (230Th)
- Zheltorechinskoye deposit – Dnepropetrovsk region (underground mining method extraction)
- Pervomayskoye deposit – Dnepropetrovsk region (huge amount of wastes is accumulated)
- Michurinskoye deposit – Kirovograd region (underground mining method extraction)
- Vatutinskoye deposit – Kirovograd region (underground mining method extraction)
- Olkhovskaya shaft – Zhovti Vody
- Novaya shaft – Zhovti Vody
- Obyedinennaya shaft – Krivoy Rog
- Severnaya shaft – vent shaft – Krivoy Rog
- Shaft No 2/6 – Krivoy Rog
- Uranium reprocessing wastes: Uranium – 238 (238U), Radium – 226 (226Ra), Kalium – 40(40К), Thorium – 232 (232Th), Thorium – 230 (230Th), Plumbum – 210 (210Pb), Polonium – 210 (210Ро)
- Adamovskoye deposit – Donetsk region (underground leaching wastes)
- Bratskoye deposit – Nikolayev region (underground leaching wastes)
- Dovladovskoye deposit – Dnepropetrovsk region (underground leaching wastes)
- Tailings pond of the Leach plant in action of the Eastern mining and processing combine – Zhovti Vody
- Bog iron ore quarry (BIOQ) – Zhovti Vody
- Shcherbakovskoye tailings pond (Shch) – Zhovti Vody
- Dneprovskoye tailings pond – Dneprodzerzhinsk Prydneprovsk Chemical Plant (PCP)
- Zapadnoye tailings pond – Dneprodzerzhinsk PCP
- Tsentralniy Yar tailings pond – Dneprodzerzhinsk PCP
- Yugo-Vostochnoye tailings pond – Dneprodzerzhinsk PCP
- Tailings pond in Sergeya Lazo Street – Dneprodzerzhinsk PCP
- Sukhachevskoye I section tailings pond – Dnepropetrovsk region PCP
- Sukhachevskoye II section tailings pond – Dnepropetrovsk region PCP
- Lanthanum fraction tailings pond (building No 602) – Dnepropetrovsk region PCP
- Uranium production tailings pond. Blast furnace BF-6 – Dnepropetrovsk region PCP
- Uranium production storage. Base - S – Dnepropetrovsk region PCP
- Facilities of non-operating plants (radioactive contamination)
buildings No 4, No 5, No 6
building No 27 Dneprodzerzhinsk
building No 95 PCP
building No 103
building No 112
buildings No 1А; No 1B; No 1U; No 1M;
No 2 B; No 2V; No 2E
- Slurry reservoirs pipelines
- Buildings and constructions of shafts
- Obyedinennaya – Krivoy Rog
- Severno-Ventilatsionnaya (vent shaft) No 2/6 – Terni
- Radionuclid bury and temporary localization points
- Radioactive wastes temporary localization points (RWTLP) contain:
- 300 thousand Curies of cesium – 137
- 12 thousand Curies of strontium – 90
- 0,3 thousand Curies of plutonium – 240
- Burial of radioactive wastes points in 30 km Chernobyl zone.
- Burial in 13 locations.
- Burial area is 6,0 million square meters.
- Burial volume is 1,6 million cubic meters.
- Full weight of radioactive wastes is 3 million tons.
- Total activity is 52 thousand Curies (1,9 · 1015Bq)
- Burial of radioactive wastes points in the III Chernobyl zone
- Burial in 43 locations
- Total burial volume is 190 thousand cubic meters
- Burial area is 0,7 million square meters
- Full weight of radioactive wastes is 0,35 million tons
- Burial of radioactive wastes points contain
- 110 thousand Curies of cesium – 137
- 44 thousand Curies of strontium – 90
- 1,1 thousand Curies of plutonium – 240
- Atomic stations and research-and-development reactors
Hyzone – 3 (3Н), carbon – 14 (14С), krypton – 35 (35Kr), strontium – 137 (137Sr), caesium – 137 (137Cs), plutonium – 240 (240Pu)
- Zaporozhskaya Atomic Station (6 water-moderated tank nuclear units – 1000)
- Yuzhno-Ukrainskaya Atomic Station (3 water-moderated tank nuclear units – 1000)
- Khmelnitskaya Atomic Station (2 water-moderated tank nuclear units – 1000)
- Rovenskaya Atomic Station (2 water-moderated tank nuclear units – 440, 2 water-moderated tank nuclear units – 1000)
- Kiev Institute for Nuclear Research (Research Reactor)
- Sevastopol Institute of Nuclear Power and Industry (Research Reactor – 100)
- Chernobyl facility Ukrytiye
- 200 tons of uranium fuel is located of overall power 20 million Curies
- Interregional Special Plants of Radioactive Wastes Burial (ISPRWB)
Hyzone – 3 (3Н), caesium – 137 (137Cs), cobalt – 60 (60Со), strontium – 137 (137Sr), polonium – 210 (210Ро), plutonium – 240 (240Pu)
- In Dnepropetrovsk 148 thousand Curies are located
- In Lvov 7 thousand Curies are located
- In Kiev 734 thousand Curies are located
- In Odessa 61 thousand Curies are located
- In Donetsk 280 grams – Ra equivalent are located
- In Kharkov 10 thousand Curies are located
- Radionuclide contamination from radiation accidents
Caesium – 137 (137Cs), strontium – 137 (137Sr), hyzone – 3 (3Н), plutonium – 240 (240Pu), plutonium – 239 (239Pu), plutonium – 238 (238Pu), iodine – 131 (131І)
- Chernobyl Atomic Station (1986)
- Kiev Burial of Radioactive Wastes Plant (1990)
- Kharkov Burial of Radioactive Wastes Plant (1997)
- Atomic stations (accidents are probable)
- Entities and organizations using radioactive substances, radioisotopic devices and sources of ionizing radiation
- Over 7 thousand of entities and organizations in Ukraine
- Total number of radioactive devices and sources of ionizing radiation exceeds 100 thousand of units
- Nuclear tests
Hyzone – 3 (3Н), carbon – 14 (14С), krypton – 85 (85Kr), strontium – 137 (137Sr), caesium – 90 (90Cs), plutonium – 240 (240Pu)
- Use in metallurgy of radioactively contaminated scrap metal.
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